In endoscopic maxillary sinus surgery, the maxillary sinus is accessed through the nasal cavity which constitutes a narrow and tortuous pathway. However, surgeons still use rigid endoscopes and rigid, straight or pre-bent instruments for this procedu...
BACKGROUND: Emergence agitation (EA) occurs frequently after nasal surgery. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists and analgesics, such as fentanyl, have been shown to prevent EA. Nefopam inhibits the NMDA receptor and shows a potent analge...
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