The development of dry powder inhalers (DPIs) for pulmonary drug delivery is complex, requiring optimization of variable factors to ensure effective lung deposition. This study investigates the factors influencing the dispersibility of glycopyrronium...
BACKGROUND: Variants of uncertain significance (VUS) represent a major diagnostic challenge in the interpretation of genetic testing results, particularly in the context of inborn errors of immunity such as severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). Th...
With the increasing demand for wind energy in the electric power generation industry, optimizing robust and efficient control strategies is essential for a wind energy conversion system (WECS). In this regard, this study proposes a novel hybrid contr...
Image-based modeling is essential for understanding cardiovascular hemodynamics and advancing the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Constructing patient-specific vascular models remains labor-intensive, error-prone, and time-consumi...
The dexterity of the human hand is largely due to its multiple degrees of freedom. However, coordinating the movements of the ring and little fingers independently can be challenging because of the biomechanical and neurological interdependencies bet...
Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
Sep 4, 2025
Pharmacokinetics and toxicological studies how the body reacts to a specific administered substance, such as a drug, toxin, or food. Each substance experiences these four steps: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, which are the main ...
In the last decade, the free energy principle (FEP) and active inference (AIF) have achieved many successes connecting conceptual models of learning and cognition to mathematical models of perception and action. This effort is driven by a multidiscip...
Flying vertebrates use specialized wingbeat kinematics in hovering, takeoff, and landing, featuring ventrally anterior downstrokes and aerodynamically inactive upstrokes to enhance aerodynamic characteristics at low airspeeds. Rarely implemented in r...
The characterization of transformation products (TPs) is crucial for understanding chemical fate and potential environmental hazards. TPs form through (a)biotic processes and can be detected in environmental concentrations comparable to or even excee...
BACKGROUND: Dental prosthesis planning is a multi-faceted and nuanced process of conceiving individual treatment plans based on dental findings and in line with established treatment guidelines. The aim of this study was to assess whether an artifici...
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