Public Health & Policy

Clinical Trials

Latest AI and machine learning research in clinical trials for healthcare professionals.

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Showing 3701-3720 of 5,970 articles

Topological Entropy and Homology Reveal Interpretable and Real-Time Neural Signatures in Pediatric EEG

Decoding neural states from pediatric EEG in naturalistic settings remains challenging due to signal noise, motion artifacts, and intersubject variability. This paper introduces Enriched Topological Features (ETF), a new approach integrating multiscale persistent homology (ℍ0/ℍ1), time-aggregated entropy via sliding windows, and Takens’ phase-space embeddings to classify gameplay versus resting st...

Patient2Sentence: Semantic Compression of Clinical Trial Eligibility Using Large Language Models

Clinical decision-making generates vast unstructured data that remain underexploited for trial recruitment. We present Patient2Sentence (P2S), a framework that transforms electronic health records into language-based representations to enable automated eligibility screening for oncology trials. Using synthetic patient records derived from three completed breast cancer studies (KATHERINE, MONARCH, ...

The impact of a SmartPhone applicatiOn for skin cancer risk assessmenT on the healthcare system (SPOT-study): A randomized controlled trial

Artificial intelligence (AI)-based mobile health (mHealth) smartphone apps for skin cancer detection are increasingly available to the general populat...

Sociodemographic Bias in Large Language Model Clinical Trial Screening

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in randomized clinical trial (RCT) screening, but their potential for sociodemographic bias remains...

LLMs Can Do Medical Harm: Stress-Testing Clinical Decisions Under Social Pressure

Large language models (LLMs) are entering clinical workflows, yet their effect on clinical decisions and potential for harm are uncertain. We measured...

Agricultural Injury Severity Prediction Using Integrated Data-Driven Analysis: Global Versus Local Explainability Using SHAP

Despite the agricultural sector’s consistently high injury rates, formal reporting is often limited, leading to sparse national datasets that hinder e...

LIFT - XAI: Leveraging Important Features in Treatment Effects to Inform Clinical Decision-Making via Explainable AI

Clinicians rely on evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to decide on medical treatments for patients. However, RCTs often lack the granul...

Physician- versus Large Language Model-Generated Clinical Summaries in the Emergency Department

As part of routine practice and documentation, emergency department (ED) clinicians routinely construct “one-liner” summaries—brief, information-rich ...

Medical Hallucination in Foundation Models and Their Impact on Healthcare

Hallucinations in foundation models arise from autoregressive training objectives that prioritize token-likelihood optimization over epistemic accurac...

Prognosis After First-Trimester Threatened Miscarriage: A Systematic Review, Prognostic Accuracy Meta-Analysis, And Prediction Modelling Review

Threatened miscarriage represents one of the most prevalent obstetric emergencies globally. Nevertheless, women experiencing first-trimester bleeding ...

Machine learning-based prediction of future dementia using routine clinical MRI brain scans and healthcare data

Early identification of dementia risk is essential for preventive care and timely enrolment into disease-modifying interventions. Current approaches r...

A double-blind, crossover, non-inferiority randomized controlled trial where primary care providers and patients compare human- and AI-generated digital health messages: the AI-CARE study protocol

Primary care is facing multiple crises, including an increase in health misinformation. Digital health messaging by primary care providers has been sh...

Comparative Benchmarking of Five Contemporary Language Models on Clinical Reasoning

The rapid integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into healthcare raises critical questions regarding their safety and reliability. While models o...

Pathology’s Last Exam: Stress-Testing Diagnostic Reasoning and Safety in Large Language Models

Large language models (LLMs) are evolving into diagnostic co-pilots, yet current benchmarks fail to test the integrated, stepwise reasoning required i...

STELLA: Safety Testing Engine for Large Language Assistants

Assistants incorporating large language models are increasingly applied in the context of health care, where they represent a promising means of expan...

Amount and certainty of evidence in Cochrane systematic reviews of interventions: a large-scale meta-research study

To quantify the amount and certainty of evidence in Cochrane systematic reviews of interventions, and to describe how this evidence has evolved over t...

Physician gestalt compared with AI model to predict intubation in critically ill patients

Intubation and mechanical ventilation are associated with high mortality. Accurately predicting which patients are at the highest risk of intubation c...

Operational Survival Deficit of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Early-Stage Breast Cancer: A Target Trial Emulation and Causal Machine Learning Study

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is the standard of care for locally advanced breast cancer. However, the disconnect between efficacy in randomized tria...

Effect and Mechanisms of a Voice-based Coach using AI on Psychological Distress: A Phase 2 Randomized Trial

Artificial Intelligence (AI) voice applications have the potential to address the unmet treatment needs among patients with depression and anxiety, bu...

How Large Language Models Can Affect Clinical Reasoning: A Randomized Clinical Trial

LLMs have encoded a vast array of medical knowledge and are being integrated into clinical settings as decision-support tools to improve physician per...

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