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Machine Learning Identifies Microbiome and Clinical Predictors of Sustained Weight Loss Following Prolonged Fasting

Prolonged fasting may benefit metabolic health, but data in healthy individuals remain limited. We performed a randomized, waitlist-controlled study (LEANER study), with 38 healthy participants completing a 5-day-fasting intervention with 12-week follow-up. Fasting acutely lowered body mass index (BMI), via fat mass loss. These changes partially persisted at follow-up. Fasting altered the gut micr...

Physician-level classification performance across multiple imaging domains with a diagnostic medical foundation model and a large dataset of annotated medical images

A diagnostic medical foundation model (MedFM) is an artificial intelligence (AI) system engineered to accurately determine diagnoses across various medical imaging modalities and specialties. To train MedFM, we created the PubMed Central Medical Images Dataset (PMCMID), the largest annotated medical image dataset to date, comprising 16,126,659 images from 3,021,780 medical publications. Using AI- ...

Barriers and Facilitators to the Implementation of Artificial Intelligence Enabled Diabetes Interventions in Lower-Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review Protocol

Diabetes represents an emerging global health crisis, with lower-middle-income countries experiencing a fast growth in prevalence. Diabetes care in th...

A Randomized-Clinical Trial of Two Ambient Artificial Intelligence Scribes: Measuring Documentation Efficiency and Physician Burnout

Ambient artificial intelligence (AI) scribes record patient encounters and generate visit notes almost instantaneously, representing a promising solut...

Toward the Autonomous AI Doctor: Quantitative Benchmarking of an Autonomous Agentic AI Versus Board-Certified Clinicians in a Real World Setting

Globally we face a projected shortage of 11 million healthcare practitioners by 2030, and administrative burden consumes 50% of clinical time. Artific...

Not So Fast, I’m Serofast: Using Innovative Education Techniques to Drive Management of People with Syphilis

An increase in syphilis cases in the United States and the global shortage of Benzathine Penicillin G (BPG) calls for evidence-based optimization. Con...

DermAssist: A Hybrid Vision Transformer System for Skin Lesion Diagnosis with Automated Alerting and Dual-Sided Portals

Skin cancer, one of the most prevalent forms of cancer globally, demands early and accurate diagnosis to improve patient outcomes. In this paper, we p...

AI-literacy training enhances physician-LLM diagnostic collaboration in a resource-limited setting: a randomized controlled trial

Diagnostic errors remain a pervasive yet preventable source of patient harm, with resourcelimited healthcare systems in low- and middle-income countri...

Personalized Synthetic Electrocardiograms with Outcomes

Synthetic data can be the solution to privacy requirements, can enrich datasets limited by underrepresentation of certain subgroups/minorities, combat...

Toward Digital Twins in the Intensive Care Unit: A Medication Management Case Study

To evaluate the efficacy of digital twins developed using a large language model (LLaMA-3), fine-tuned with Low-Rank Adapters (LoRA) on ICU physician ...

Evaluating the Efficacy of Large Language Models in Addressing Patient-Centric Inquiries in Multiple Cancers

Large Language Models (LLMs) have transformed how patients access health information online. Chatbots like ChatGPT allow users to ask direct questions...

The Effect of Image Resolution on the Performance of Deep Learning Algorithms in Detecting Calcaneus Fractures on X-Ray

To evaluate convolutional neural network (CNN) model training strategies that optimize the performance of calcaneus fracture detection on radiographs ...

ECG classification with convolutional neural networks demonstrates resilience to sex-imbalances in data

Many ECG-AI models have been developed to predict a wide range of cardiovascular outcomes. The underrepresentation of women in cardiovascular disease ...

Evaluating an Ambient Artificial Intelligence Scribe for Documentation Quality and Efficiency in Psychiatric Consultations: A Simulation-based Study

Documentation demands in psychiatric practice diminish time for direct patient care and are associated with clinician burnout. Ambient artificial inte...

Oral Rinse Sourced Microbiota in Oral Health and Disease in a Representative U.S. Adult Population

This study reports genus-level oral rinse microbiota profiles in a population of 3,770 U.S. adults from NHANES 2009–2012. Oral conditions explained mo...

Optimizing and Evaluating Robustness of AI for Brain Metastasis Detection and Segmentation via Loss Functions and Multi-dataset Training

Accurate detection and segmentation of brain metastases (BM) from MRI are critical for the appropriate management of cancer patients. This study inves...

A Deep Learning Framework for Automated Triage of Breast Cancer Biopsies in Malaysia: A Pragmatic Trial to Reduce Resource Consumption and Diagnostic Turnaround Time

Malaysia faces a significant burden of breast cancer, compounded by a chronic shortage of pathologists. This leads to prolonged diagnostic turnaround ...

A Scoping Review of Algorithmic Equity, Data Diversity, and Inclusive Design in the Transformer Era of Clinical NLP

The rapid digitization of healthcare has positioned transformer-based natural language processing (NLP) models as powerful tools for managing clinical...

Pretraining Diversity and Clinical Metric Optimization Achieve State-of-the-Art Performance on ChestX-ray14

We achieved state-of-the-art performance on the NIH ChestX-ray14 multi-label classification task using a simple 3-model ensemble: mean ROC-AUC 0.940, ...

Physician Readiness for AI in Primary Care: A Cross-Sectional Survey on the Knowledge-Attitude Gap and Implementation Priorities in Switzerland

Primary care artificial intelligence adoption among United States (US) physicians accelerated from 38% to 66% within one year. Implementation strategi...