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Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic

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Task and postural factors are related to back pain in helicopter pilots.

Aviation, space, and environmental medicine
BACKGROUND: A previous survey by Shear et al. revealed a high prevalence of back pain in Royal Navy helicopter aircrew, compared with controls. It was recommended that a second survey be undertaken, taking account of flying tasks and cockpit ergonomi...

Ensemble learning of inverse probability weights for marginal structural modeling in large observational datasets.

Statistics in medicine
Inverse probability weights used to fit marginal structural models are typically estimated using logistic regression. However, a data-adaptive procedure may be able to better exploit information available in measured covariates. By combining predicti...

Targeted Maximum Likelihood Estimation for Causal Inference in Observational Studies.

American journal of epidemiology
Estimation of causal effects using observational data continues to grow in popularity in the epidemiologic literature. While many applications of causal effect estimation use propensity score methods or G-computation, targeted maximum likelihood esti...

Natural language processing to ascertain two key variables from operative reports in ophthalmology.

Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety
PURPOSE: Antibiotic prophylaxis is critical to ophthalmology and other surgical specialties. We performed natural language processing (NLP) of 743 838 operative notes recorded for 315 246 surgeries to ascertain two variables needed to study the compa...

How Confounder Strength Can Affect Allocation of Resources in Electronic Health Records.

Perspectives in health information management
When electronic health record (EHR) data are used, multiple approaches may be available for measuring the same variable, introducing potentially confounding factors. While additional information may be gleaned and residual confounding reduced through...

Causal models adjusting for time-varying confounding-a systematic review of the literature.

International journal of epidemiology
BACKGROUND: Obtaining unbiased causal estimates from longitudinal observational data can be difficult due to exposure-affected time-varying confounding. The past decade has seen considerable development in methods for analysing such complex longitudi...

Signals Among Signals: Prioritizing Nongenetic Associations in Massive Data Sets.

American journal of epidemiology
Massive data sets are often regarded as a panacea to the underpowered studies of the past. At the same time, it is becoming clear that in many of these data sets in which thousands of variables are measured across hundreds of thousands or millions of...

Measuring the effects of confounders in medical supervised classification problems: the Confounding Index (CI).

Artificial intelligence in medicine
Over the years, there has been growing interest in using machine learning techniques for biomedical data processing. When tackling these tasks, one needs to bear in mind that biomedical data depends on a variety of characteristics, such as demographi...