BACKGROUND: Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) is a stress-inducible cytokine and member of the transforming growth factor-β cytokine superfamily that refines prognostic assessment in subgroups of patients with heart failure (HF). We evaluated...
INTRODUCTION: The characteristics and outcomes of patients hospitalized with acute systolic heart failure (HF) and normal admission B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) has not been previously explored.
Circulation. Arrhythmia and electrophysiology
32986471
BACKGROUND: Identification of systolic heart failure among patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with acute dyspnea is challenging. The reasons for dyspnea are often multifactorial. A focused physical evaluation and diagnostic testing ...