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History, 20th Century

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Origins of Robotic Surgery: From Skepticism to Standard of Care.

JSLS : Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The uses of robotics in surgery were hypothesized as far back as 1967, but it took nearly 30 years and the nation's largest agency, the Department of Defense, in conjunction with innovative startups and established research...

The Evolution of Remote-Controlled Intramedullary Lengthening and Compression Nails.

Journal of orthopaedic trauma
The operative elongation of limbs has long been a goal of orthopaedic surgeons. Indeed, the very first external skeletal fixators, although designed for stabilization of displaced fractures, were also used to overcome the posttrauma shortening that s...

Networking Biology: The Origins of Sequence-Sharing Practices in Genomics.

Technology and culture
The wide sharing of biological data, especially nucleotide sequences, is now considered to be a key feature of genomics. Historians and sociologists have attempted to account for the rise of this sharing by pointing to precedents in model organism co...

Of Models and Machines: Implementing Bounded Rationality.

Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences
This essay explores the early history of Herbert Simon's principle of bounded rationality in the context of his Artificial Intelligence research in the mid 1950s. It focuses in particular on how Simon and his colleagues at the RAND Corporation transl...

["Chemistry of Concepts”and “Historical Sense”. On Philosophical Concept Formation].

Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte
"Chemistry of Concepts" and "Historical Sense". On Philosophical Concept Formation. The question concerning concepts and their relations to objects and words has had a long and controversial history. Recently, it is challenged by an anew turn towards...