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Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic

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An enhanced machine learning tool for cis-eQTL mapping with regularization and confounder adjustments.

Genetic epidemiology
Many expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) studies have been conducted to investigate the biological effects of variants in gene regulation. However, these eQTL studies may suffer from low or moderate statistical power and overly conservative fal...

Host variables confound gut microbiota studies of human disease.

Nature
Low concordance between studies that examine the role of microbiota in human diseases is a pervasive challenge that limits the capacity to identify causal relationships between host-associated microorganisms and pathology. The risk of obtaining false...

Microbiome meta-analysis and cross-disease comparison enabled by the SIAMCAT machine learning toolbox.

Genome biology
The human microbiome is increasingly mined for diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers using machine learning (ML). However, metagenomics-specific software is scarce, and overoptimistic evaluation and limited cross-study generalization are prevailing i...

Challenges in Obtaining Valid Causal Effect Estimates with Machine Learning Algorithms.

American journal of epidemiology
Unlike parametric regression, machine learning (ML) methods do not generally require precise knowledge of the true data generating mechanisms. As such, numerous authors have advocated for ML methods to estimate causal effects. Unfortunately, ML algor...

Robust Machine Learning for Treatment Effects in Multilevel Observational Studies Under Cluster-level Unmeasured Confounding.

Psychometrika
Recently, machine learning (ML) methods have been used in causal inference to estimate treatment effects in order to reduce concerns for model mis-specification. However, many ML methods require that all confounders are measured to consistently estim...

Machine learning for improving high-dimensional proxy confounder adjustment in healthcare database studies: An overview of the current literature.

Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety
PURPOSE: Supplementing investigator-specified variables with large numbers of empirically identified features that collectively serve as 'proxies' for unspecified or unmeasured factors can often improve confounding control in studies utilizing admini...

An introduction to causal inference for pharmacometricians.

CPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology
As formal causal inference begins to play a greater role in disciplines that intersect with pharmacometrics, such as biostatistics, epidemiology, and artificial intelligence/machine learning, pharmacometricians may increasingly benefit from a basic f...

Frameworks for estimating causal effects in observational settings: comparing confounder adjustment and instrumental variables.

BMC medical research methodology
To estimate causal effects, analysts performing observational studies in health settings utilize several strategies to mitigate bias due to confounding by indication. There are two broad classes of approaches for these purposes: use of confounders an...

Enhancement of Non-Linear Deep Learning Model by Adjusting Confounding Variables for Bone Age Estimation in Pediatric Hand X-rays.

Journal of digital imaging
In medicine, confounding variables in a generalized linear model are often adjusted; however, these variables have not yet been exploited in a non-linear deep learning model. Sex plays important role in bone age estimation, and non-linear deep learni...